2011年4月26日火曜日

英文記事で英語を学ぶ

Financial accountancy (or financial accounting) is the field of accountancy concerned with the preparation of financial statements for decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, owners, and other stakeholders. Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power.[1] The fundamental need for financial accounting is to reduce principal-agent problem by measuring and monitoring agents' performance and reporting the results to interested users.

Financial accountancy is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day to day running of the company. Management accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business.

In short, Financial Accounting is the process of summarizing financial data taken from an organization's accounting records and publishing in the form of annual (or more frequent) reports for the benefit of people outside the organization.

Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards.
Basic accounting concepts
Financial accountants produce financial statements based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country. In particular cases financial statements must be prepared according to the International Financial Reporting Standards.
Financial accounting serves following purposes:
* producing general purpose financial statements
* provision of information used by management of a business entity for decision making, planning and performance evaluation
* for meeting regulatory requirements

Graphic definition
The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting.
The trial balance which is usually prepared using the Double-entry accounting system forms the basis for preparing the financial statements. All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet. There are certain accounting standards that determine the format for these accounts (SSAP, FRS, IFRS). The financial statements will display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets, liabilities, and shareholders or owners' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared.
Assets, Expenses, and Withdrawals have normal debit balances (when you debit these types of accounts you add to them), remember the word AWED which represents the first letter of each type of account.
Liabilities, Revenues, and Capital have normal credit balances (when you credit these you add to them).

0 = Dr Assets Cr Owners' Equity Cr Liabilities
. _____________________________/\____________________________ .
. / Cr Retained Earnings (profit) Cr Common Stock \ .
. _________________/\_______________________________ . .
. / Dr Expenses Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \ . .
. Dr Dividends Cr Revenue . .
\________________________/ \______________________________________________________/
increased by debits increased by credits


Crediting a credit
Thus -------------------------> account increases its absolute value (balance)
Debiting a debit


Debiting a credit
Thus -------------------------> account decreases its absolute value (balance)
Crediting a debit
When you do the same thing to an account as its normal balance it increases; when you do the opposite, it will decrease. Much like signs in math: two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added. It is only when you have one positive and one negative (opposites) that you will subtract.

■単語
financial
[形]
1 財務の,財政上の,会計の,金銭出納(上)の;金銭上の
financial affairs
財務,金銭問題
the financial year
((英))会計年度(▼3月31日で終わる. ⇒((米))the FISCAL YEAR)
financial conditions
(企業の)財務状況
financial aid
((米))(学生向けの)教育資金融資
a financial incentive
報奨金.
2 金融の
a financial asset
金融資産
a financial liability
金融負債
financial services
金融サービス(業)
the financial system
金融システム
financial circles [=the financial world]
金融界,財界
financial institutions
金融機関
financial markets
金融市場
financial instruments
金融商品.
3 (クラブ・組合などの)会費を払う(⇔honorary)
a financial member
通常会員.
4 ((豪・NZ俗))金(かね)を持っている.
━━[名] ((〜s)) 金銭出納,会計
audit financials

liability
[名]
1 ((通例-tiesで単数扱い))借金,負債,債務(⇔assets);会計(特に貸借対照表上の)負債(項目)
make good one's liabilities
負債を払う
a financial liability
金融負債.
2 ((単数形))((略式))不利となるもの[人],障害,マイナス.
3 [U]
(1)(…に対する)法的責任,責務((for ...));(…する)義務((to do))
limited [unlimited] liability
有限[無限]責任
liability for an accident
事故の責任.
(2)(…の)傾向,(…に)なりやすい性質,(…を)免れないこと((to ...))
liability to disease
病気になりやすいたち.
Equity
[名]
1 [U]((形式))公平さ,公正(fairness);公明正大;無私無欲
For the sake of equity, he should pay for the damage.
公正を期するなら損害は彼が弁償すべきだ.
2 財産物件の純粋価格:諸経費を差し引いた額.
3 株式
equity capital
株式資本,自己資本.
4 法律
(1)衡平法:慣習法(common law)の欠点を公正と正義で補う英米法の体系.
(2)[U]衡平裁定.
5 ((E-))((英))俳優組合(Actors' Equity Association).
Liquidity
[名][U]
1 ((まれ))流動性[状態].
2 商業換金性,流動性
liquidity risk
流動性リスク
excess liquidity
過剰流動性.
debits
借方欄.
credits

信用, 名誉

[1]信用, 信頼,([類語]特に声望や過去の実績などに基づく信用;→belief).
He has good 〜 in the community.
彼は地域で信頼されている.
put [place] 〜 in
..を信用する.
gain [lose] 〜 (with a person)
(人の)信用を得る[失う].
I can't give 〜 to such rumor.
そんなうわさは信用できない.
[2]よい評判, 信望;名声, 功績の認識, 名誉.
a man of 〜
声望家.
get 〜 for an invention
発明の功績を認められる.
Give 〜 where it is due.
(どんな人にでも)功績は功績として正当に評価すべきだ.
Some of the 〜 should go to Dick.
その功績の幾分かはディックに帰すべきものだ.
He deserves much of the 〜.
その功績の多くは当然彼にある.
[3]【名誉になるもの】〈普通, 単数形で〉名誉になる人[物事], 声価を増すもの,〈to..の〉.
Being at the top of his class, Robert is a 〜 to his family.
クラスで1番なのでロバートは一家の誉れだ.
[4]〈〜s〉=CREDIT titles(→複合語).
[5]【成績, 寄与の認定】米(特に大学での)課目履修認定;履修単位.
get two 〜s for French
フランス語2単位を取得する.
商取引上の信用

[6]掛け, 信用貸し[販売], 融資, クレジット;(信用で買ったものの代金の)支払い猶予期間.
a letter of 〜
商信用状.
Do you give 〜?
付けはききますか.
No 〜 (given).
掛け売りお断り店頭の掲示.
on 〜
(→成句).
6months' 〜
6か月の支払い猶予期間.
How will you pay, sir—cash or 〜 ?
支払い方法はどのようにしますか, 現金ですかクレジットカードですか.
[7](商取引上の)信用度.
Her 〜 is good.
彼女の信用度は高い.
[8]【貸し金】(a)(銀行などの)預金残高.
I have 〜 at the bank.
私はその銀行に預金があります.
My bank account is in 〜.
私の銀行口座には残高がある.
(b)〈形容詞的〉(銀行)預金の.
He has a 〜 balance of $10,000.
彼には1万ドルの預金残高がある.
[9]簿記貸し方(記載)(credit side)帳簿で右側の欄;debit.
Put this on the 〜 side.
これは貸し方に記入しなさい.
d a prson [thng] crdit=d crdit to a prson [thng]

〔人[物]〕の名誉になる.
do 〜 to one's school
(優れた事をして)学校の誉れとなる.
gve a prson crdit for..

(1)人が..を持っている[..である, ..する]と信じる.
We gave you 〜 for more sense than that.
我々は当然君がもっと分別があるものと信じていた.
He's more generous than I gave him 〜 for.
彼は思ったより金離れのいい人だ.
(2)..を人の功績にする.
He was given no 〜 for the part he played in the experiment.
彼はその実験で彼が果たした役割を少しも認めてもらえなかった.
on crdit

掛けで, 信用貸しで.
buy [sell] on 〜
掛けで買う[売る].
on the crdit sde

(1)→ [9]
(2)良い点を挙げれば, 明るい面としては.
tke (the) crdit (for..)

(..を)自分の手柄にする.
*to a prson's [one's] crdit

(1)人の信用を増して, 名誉になって;人の功績[名前]で.
It's to your 〜 that you told the truth.
君が真実を話したのは立派だ.
a poet with three Faber volumes to his 〜
フェイバー社からすでに3冊詩集を出している詩人.
I already have ten screenplays to my 〜.
私はすでに10本のシナリオを書いている.
(2)簿記人の貸し方に.


[1]を信じる, 信用する.
I found her story hard to 〜.
彼女の話は信じ難かった.
[2]が持っていると信じる〈with..〔性質など〕を〉;がした(功績がある)と信じる〈with doing..を〉.
He is 〜ed with bringing the company back into the black.
彼は会社を再び黒字にした功があると信じられている.
Credit me with a little common sense!
私にだって少しは常識があると思ってください.
[3]〔名誉, 行為など〕を帰する〈to..に〉.
Mr. Smith 〜s his success to his wife.
自分の成功は妻のおかげだとスミス氏は思っている.
[4]簿記を貸し方に記載する;〔人〕に信用貸しする, 用立てる,〈with..〔金〕を〉;〔金〕を信用貸しする〈to..〔人〕に〉.
〜 a person with $100 [〜 $100 to a person]
人に100ドル用立てる.
[5]米 に履修証明[単位]を出す〈with..の〉.
〔[語源]CRED「信じる」: credence, credible, credit, credulous; discredit;credo, creed〕
crdit accunt

英掛け売り勘定(米charge account).
crdit breau

信用調査所→CREDIT ratingを調査する.
crdit crd

クレジットカード(話 plastic (money)).
crdit crnch

=CREDIT squeeze
crdit lmit

=CREDIT line (2)
crdit lne

(1)提供者[著作権者]名映画, テレビ番組, 出版物などに添える.
(2)信用限度(額)(lne of crdit).
crdit nte

商貸し方票返品した際の受取証;これで同価格の別の商品が買える.
crdit rting

信用度格付け個人又は法人の支払い能力などの評価.
crdit sle

掛け売り, 信用販売.
crdit sde

= [9]
crdit squeze

経金融引き締め(政策).
crdit ttles

映・テレビクレジットタイトル字幕に示される製作者・監督・出演者・その他の関係者の姓名.
crdit trnsfer

銀行口座振替.
crdit nion

信用組合.
crdit vucher

米=CREDIT note
Assets
[名]
1 (…にとって)役にたつもの[こと],価値あるもの((to, for ...));長所,美点(⇔liability)
an asset in negotiation
交渉の際にプラスになるもの
count beauty as an asset
美しいことを利点と心得る
He is a most valuable asset to the firm.
彼は会社にとって貴重な人材だ.
2 資産の一項目,(1個の)財産.
3 ((〜s))
(1)流動資産;資産,財産
fixed [intangible, net] assets
固定[無形,純]財産
cultural assets
文化財
seize [take over] the assets of ...
…の財産を接収する.
(2)(債務弁済に充当される)財産.
(3)(特に負債・資本に対し)資産[財産]項目. ⇒PROPERTY[類語]
(4)法律(死者の債務・遺贈に充当されるべき)遺産.
4 情報提供者.
assets and liabilities
資産と負債;((比喩))利点と欠点,長所と短所.
[古フランス語←ラテン語ad satis(十分に). 「十分に支払える(have assets)」から]
Expenses
[名]
1 [U][C]費用,出費;支出;金のかかるもの[事],物いり. ⇒COST[名]1
free of expense
無料で
all expenses paid
費用相手持ちで
at public expense
公費で
at any expense
どんなに費用がかかっても
at an expense of 3 dollars
3ドル出して
without expense to a person
人に金銭的負担をかけずに
spare no expense
金に糸目をつけない
Sending a child to college is quite an expense.
子供を大学にやるにはとても金がかかる.
2 ((〜s))経費;必要経費,…費;(俸給外の)手当
traveling expenses
旅費
school expenses
学費
current [running] expenses
経常費
It's all on expenses.
それはすべて会社持ちだ.
3 損失,喪失;犠牲.
at the expense of .../at a person's expense
(1)〈人の〉金[費用]で;〈人に〉迷惑をかけて;〈人を〉だしにして
profit at the expense of another
人の金でもうける
have a good laugh at a person's expense
人をだし[たね]にして大いに笑う.
(2)…を犠牲にして
at the expense of one's health
健康を犠牲にして.
(3)…という犠牲を払って
at the expense of one's illness
病気になるという犠牲を払って.
go to great [a lot of] expense to do/go to the expense of doing

Withdrawal
[名]
1 [U][C]引っ込める[引き下がる,引っ込む]こと;退出;脱退;(約束・前言などの)取り消し,撤回;(通貨などの)回収;(預金の)引き出し,引き出した金,撤退,撤兵;(自発的な)退学
complete withdrawal
完全撤退
make large withdrawals from the bank
銀行から多額の預金引き出しを行う.
2 [U](麻薬などの)使用中止((of, from ...));禁断症状(withdrawal symptoms).

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